Spade-foot three-legged pottery vessels as well as one and two handled pots were primary cultural characteristics of the Xirong. Note: "middle states" ( Chinese: 中國 pinyin: Zhōngguó) in this quote refers to the " Middle Kingdom", i.e. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers) – in the east, called transmitters in the south, representationists in the west, and in the north, interpreters. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. The people of the Middle states, and of those, Man,, and, all had their dwellings, where they lived at ease their flavours which they preferred the clothes suitable for them their proper implements for use and their vessels which they prepared in abundance. Some of them also did not eat grain-food. They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them (also) ate their food without its being cooked. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked.
They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. The people of those five regions – the Middle states, and the, , (and other wild tribes round them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The Liji "Record of Rites" details ancient stereotypes about them. The Xirong together with the eastern Dongyi, northern Beidi, and southern Nanman were collectively called the Sìyí ( 四夷 'Four Barbarians'). Xirong was also the name of a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history.
Īfter the Zhou dynasty, the term usually referred to various peoples in the west during early and late medieval times. Goldin also proposes that Rong was a "pseudo-ethnonym" meaning "bellicose". The historian Li Feng says that during the Western Zhou period, since the term Rong "warlike foreigners" was "often used in bronze inscriptions to mean 'warfare', it is likely that when a people was called 'Rong', the Zhou considered them as political and military adversaries rather than as cultural and ethnic 'others'." Paul R.
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